Therefore, in the VP, ChAT neurons regulate pain-, anxiety-, and depression-like behaviours through local ChAT circuits and the VP-BLA projection, whereas glutamatergic, GABAergic, and parvalbumin-positive neurons regulate aversion, reinforcement learning, arousal, and emotion, mainly via their projections to the lateral habenula, ventral tegmental area, and lateral hypothalamus34–37,63. Here, PVALB is linked to depressive symptom measurement.