The avidity was increased after conversion to VH-Fc.Domain-based bispecific T-cell engagers (DbTE) based on these twoantibodies combined with the anti-CD3ε OKT3 antibody exhibitedpotent killing against GPNMB and VCAM-1-positive cancer cells, respectively.Hence, these two domain antibodies are promising therapeutic candidatesfor cancers expressing GPNMB or VCAM-1. Here, CD3E is linked to cancer.