The analysis of gene expression in the Langerhans islets revealed that genes related to ceramide and sphingomyelin synthesis and degradation, secretion, circadian rhythm and insulin action, as well as changes resembling fetal dedifferentiation and asynchrony, previously described for T2D characteristics may also constitute mechanisms underlying beta-cell inactivity in T1D (71). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.