Endocrine disorders: DM was shown to promote apoptosis in testicular cells by affecting Bcl-2 and caspase protease expression, leading to decreased testosterone levels, structural changes in smooth muscle cell, which also contributed to the development of ED (38, 39).Improving the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of DMED could contribute to the development of more effective treatments. Here, BCL2 is linked to endocrine system disorder.