TNF and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: It has been found that catecholamines, lipopolysaccharide, and proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-beta, interleukins 1 and 6, and interferon-alpha, are elevated in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis, rapidly leading to lipolysis of peripheral and visceral adipose tissue and release of free fatty acids (FFA) [19,21].