In addition, IFNβ treatment increases the cytotoxicity of NK cells against nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro in a TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-dependent manner as TRAIL expression levels on the cell surface of NK cells increased following IFNβ treatment in patients (Makowska et al., 2019). Here, IFNB1 is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.