Of the species enriched in the GDM group at the three sampling timepoints, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Ruminococcus gnavus were noteworthy in their positive association with the insulin-signaling pathway as well as lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis (r ≤ −0.3, adjusted P<0.05) (Figures 4A, D). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is gestational diabetes.