TNF and COVID-19: We further found that TNFα signaling was associated with increased levels of genes in immune cells that were connected to an unfavorable immune response, such as ICAM1 and CXCL8. Moreover, increased TNFα signaling in hepatocytes of COVID-19-infected specimens was associated with increased production of acute-phase proteins such as SAA1 and SERPINA1. In our patient cohort, high levels of liver-derived TNFA further inversely correlated with IFNA and IFNB. We also found that SARS-CoV-2 detectability in the liver was associated with a reduced survival time.