The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test showed that the levels of these cytokines at diagnosis were significantly higher in APL with ED than in APL survivors (P< 0.05), except for IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α (P> 0.05) (Table 5 and Supplementary Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and acute promyelocytic leukemia.