There is growing evidence that biomarkers such as traditional inflammatory markers (PCT, CRP and IL-6), novel inflammatory markers (neutrophil CD64 and monocyte HLA-DR), and composite inflammatory markers (NLR, LMR, PLR, SII, PNI, AGR and hs-CRP/Alb) play an important role in early prediction of postoperative development of SIRS (Table 1). Here, CALCA is linked to systemic inflammatory response syndrome.