RAC1 and heroin dependence: More importantly, bilateral intra-DH injection of NSC23766 significantly blocked actin polymerization and inhibited heroin self-administration (Chen et al., 2021), demonstrating that the upregulation of CaMKK1 in the DH was related to the motivation of heroin intake, and CaMKK1/CaMKIα/Rac1 pathway was required for the cytoskeleton remodeling and heroin addiction behavior of rats.