TNF and sarcopenia: The concentration of zinc in monocytes can activate or inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and lower serum zinc concentrations will lead to immune function suppression, which in turn stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6, while a large number of studies have shown that chronic inflammation mediated by inflammatory factors or stress directly leads to lower muscle strength and muscle mass, leading to sarcopenia over time (54, 87, 89, 91, 98).