TNF and infection: In a mechanistic review study conducted by Maiorino et al. (43), the proposed mechanisms of the beneficial effect of the Mediterranean dietary pattern (including whole grains, vegetables and fruits, fish, and “healthy” fats, including MUFA and PUFA) for controlling COVID-19 were inhibition of inflammation caused by COVID-19, characterized by increased CRP, TNF-α, and interleukin-6, as well as infection through supplying of vitamin D, which reduces the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and thus decreases the entry of pathogens into lung cells.