VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: The oxLDL-C can then interact with ECs to induce endothelial dysfunction, a condition characterized by impaired vasodilatory capacity and an overexpression of cellular adhesion molecules (Hadi et al., 2005; Pirillo et al., 2013), such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) which promote recruitment of circulating monocytes to the endothelium (Cybulsky and Gimbrone, 1991; Nakashima et al., 1998).