E2F1 and prostate carcinoma: E2F1 is a potent oncogene in human cancers, including thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer, that can accelerate the invasion, spread, and metastasis of cancer cells and further predict poor prognosis (Bi et al., 2017; Yin et al., 2017; Zhou et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2022).