In addition to cell implantation, EVs from pan-PPAR agonist-stimulated-induced mesenchymal stem cell (pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs) can facilitate NASH progression, contributing to ameliorating hepatic steatosis, ER stress, oxidative stress, and apoptosis (Kim et al., 2021a). The gene discussed is PPARA; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.