TGFβ dysfunction can also activate the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), which is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and diminished arterial compliance [46]; through stimulating RAAS, TGFβ may also be associated with hypernatremia in PCOS due to actions of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Hypernatremia.