TNF and neoplasm: While under normal conditions endothelial cells upregulate adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), IFNγ, and interleukin-1, angiogenic tumor ECs are anergic to such signaling, resulting in suppressed immune cell infiltration into tumors [318–320].