SPP1 and myocardial infarction: Additionally, a study has found that TGF-β3 expression gradually attained its peak in 1 month after MI with an opposite expression trend of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in MI patients, while TGF-β3 downregulated proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis and upregulated lysyl oxidase and osteopontin in Ang II-induced human CFs and MI patients by promoting smad7 expression (Xue et al., 2019).