TGFB1 and myocardial infarction: High serum tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) level in MI patients can serve as a fibrotic biomarker and is positively correlated with mortality risk (Cheng et al., 2021), while TNAP inhibition provokes an antifibrotic effect through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/TGF-β1/smads and p53 (Gao et al., 2020b).