With unique physical properties and elaborate design, nanoparticles can be modified with targeting various molecules (e.g. anti-PD-L1 antibody) or loaded with various drugs (e.g. camptothecin), thus achieving nanosystems for the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy 29, even copackaging photosensitizer (e.g. pheophorbide) for synergistic cancer photoimmunotherapy 30. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is cancer.