TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine normally produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation,38 contributing to immune system reactivity, microbiota-induced immune responses, and moderation of gut microbiota composition moderation.104 Interestingly, TNF-α levels in DPOM increase when the infant is mounting an immune response to an infection – a dynamic function that is not possible in DHM or formula, and is likely disrupted in EPOM.38 The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.