PDCD1 and neoplasm: In 2018, Frode et al. described the results of a clinical trial of neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 mAbs (nivolumab) for resectable early-stage lung cancer (stage I, II, or IIIA) in 21 patients, with 45% of 20 patients observed to have a major pathologic response at the primary tumor site [269].