Notably, autoreactive T cells recognize autoantigens expressed by TET cells and release IFN-γ, and IFN-γ can upregulate PD-L1 expression via ERK/JAK2-STAT signaling pathways in tumor cells, which may be one of the reasons why patients with irAEs respond better to ICIs [101] (Fig. 6 A, B). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.