GFRA1 and Cognitive impairment: These results suggest that LPS-induced cognitive deficits can be transmitted into grand-offspring via paternal linage, in a manner likely associated with declined expression of Gdnf and GFRα1. In this regard, Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that expression levels of Gdnf and GFRα1 in LPS-treated F1 and F2 generations at midlife (15 months of age) were negatively correlated with the swimming distance during the learning phase of the MWM task, and positively correlated with the percent distance in the target quadrant during the memory phase.