CARINH and colitis: Previous studies have reported that IRF1 protein levels were upregulated in both human IBD specimens and in the colons of mice with DSS-induced colitis.24,56 Moreover, a strong association between IRF1 levels and clinical indices of disease activity has been observed in patients with IBD.56 Thus, we argued for the existence of a conserved CARINH/IRF1 regulatory loop expression pattern in IBD specimens.