TRAF3 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Furthermore, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) identified that HNSCC subsets harbor genomic alterations which can modulate activation of the NFκB pathway, such as gain or activating mutations of PIK3CA prevalent in HPV-, or loss of TRAF3 or gain of HRAS and loss of CASP8, which are distinct to HPV+ HNSCC [15, 16].