TNF and cancer: Tumor-induced cytokines, e.g., Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1, and 2 (MIP-1 and MIP-2) activate Src kinases in immune cells which lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1ß and 6, Tumor Necrosis Factor α) that activate cancer cells in a positive feedback loop [63].