Treatment with melatonin at 250 μM before and after infection significantly reversed the induction of TLR3 (p < 0.05) and TLR7 (p < 0.01) mRNA levels and suppressed the expression of NF-κB (p < 0.05), COX-2 (p < 0.05) and TNF-α (p < 0.001) induced by JEV infection (Fig. 7). Here, TNF is linked to infection.