Increases in serum LPS and serum IFNγ, TNFα, IL6, and IL17 were also observed, supporting the hypothesis that gut dysbiosis-dependent events and related inflammatory responses act synergistically to promote HCC development.23 The microbiome profiles that may contribute to these mechanisms vary across studies and are discussed in the following (findings are summarized in Table 1). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.