CTNS and cystinosis: The contents of MSC EV and their subsequent therapeutic effects can be a function of their origin; for example, bone marrow-derived MSC EV contain cystinosin (CTNS), a cystine efflux channel in the lysosomal membrane, which can reduce cystine levels when cocultured with renal tubular cells from patients with cystinosis.86 Similarly, adipose tissue-derived MSC (ADSC) contain up to four-fold higher concentration of neprilysin, an enzyme that degrades β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in brain and which is associated with Alzheimer’s disease, than BM-MSCs.