IL4 and helminthiasis: Over the years, at least 20 possible mechanisms of immunoregulatory roles of helminths have been recognized, of which regulatory T and B cells are mostly highlighted.28,73 Hence, intestinal helminths are able to strengthen the type 2 cell immune response (Th2) via the induction of cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-13).74,75 Accordingly, the change from Th1 toward Th2 during helminthic infections can downregulate the Th1 immune response and prevent the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells during the development of T1D.71