TNF and cancer: Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analysis on the signatures of cancer hallmarks confirmed that adipogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation were enriched in the cluster 1 but TNF-α signaling via NF-KB and WNT beta-catenin signaling were enriched in the cluster 2; conversely, the cluster 3 was characterized by genes in interferon-alpha response signaling (Figure 2D).