The microbiota also may influence viral infection through other indirect mechanisms, such as stimulating the creation of immunoregulated environments through the production of IL-10 by Treg cells and the inhibition of cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, which disrupts the immune system’s ability to act properly to fight the viral infection (Basic et al., 2014; Robinson et al., 2014; Zhao and Elson, 2018). Here, TNF is linked to viral infectious disease.