UTI studies in human and mice have reported several cytokine/chemokine responses to urinary infection and their role in UTI including IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 response during human UTI (Hedges and Svanborg, 1994; Abraham and Miao, 2015); the expression of IL-6 and IL-1α has also been detected in animal models of cystitis (Gonzalez et al., 2014). Here, IL1A is linked to chronic cystitis.