Three studies on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients showed an increase of Lactobacillus and/or Bifidobacterium in non or low-grade irAE cases (Hakozaki et al., 2020; Cascone et al., 2021; Chau et al., 2021).In a study of 70 Japanese NSCLC patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1, Hakozaki T et al. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.