TNF and glucose metabolism disease: Arecoline can improve hepatic glucose metabolism disorders in rats with type 2 diabetes through “exogenous compound receptors, including sexual androstane receptors (CAR) and pregnane X receptors (PXR).” G6Pase gene expression decreases TNF-α and IL-6 expression and increases hepatic insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic rats (Borglum et al., 1999; Yang et al., 2019).