While the phosphorylation of AKT and STAT3 signaling was upregulated in Caco-2 cells after PG (Figure 7F,G), the same signaling pathways were significantly inhibited in fibroblasts (Figure 7H,I) after 48 h of PG stimulation compared to untreated fibroblasts from IBD patients. This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and inflammatory bowel disease.