INS and Insulin resistance: More generally, there are several reports, reviewed by Zheng et al. (2021) [158], indicating that OLE displays multiple actions against diabetes, as it regulates insulin secretion, restores islet morphology, activates AMPK signaling, and ameliorates glucose tolerance and insulin resistance; consequently, OLE relieves diabetes-associated diseases including diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular complications, and diabetic retinopathy [188].