SERPINE1 and cancer: Low-grade chronic inflammation caused by elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin 6 (IL-6), leptin, and other inflammatory adipokines, including plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), is a risk factor for the development of malignant neoplasms in people who are overweight or obese, Figure 1 [22,23,24].