Unlike, in the PUCCINI (prospective cohort of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease patients undergoing surgery to identify risk factors for post-operative infection) trial, the biggest prospective observational study in this field, which included 947 patients undergoing surgery (382 patients were exposed to anti-TNF within 12 weeks of surgery), no association was found between detectable TCs and post-operative infections (surgical site or not) [97]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.