HAMP and ovarian carcinoma: Although the exact mechanism by which E2 influences Fe regulation is unknown, some in vitro studies in human breast [14], human ovarian cancer cell lines with epithelial-like morphology [32], human liver cells [21,32], and rodents have suggested that E2 positively regulates the genes involved in Fe metabolism (ferroportin, lactotransferrin, ceruloplasmin ferroxidase, lipocalin 2) [14,15], probably mediated likely by downregulation of Hepc activity.