HMGB1 seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in many diverse contexts, as evidenced by the significantly increased plasma levels compared with healthy control groups; e.g., hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced CLD [118,119,120], carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) -induced liver fibrosis [121] and in the context of schistosomiasis [122]. Here, HMGB1 is linked to congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1.