Moreover, DJ-1 levels in the CSF of sporadic PD patients were measured, and the results demonstrated that CSF DJ-1 levels were higher in PD patients than in healthy controls, and DJ-1 levels are higher in early-stage PD patients than in advanced-stage PD patients and healthy controls, which demonstrates the protective role of DJ-1 against oxidative stress in the early stages of the disease [188]. This evidence concerns the gene PARK7 and Parkinson disease.