TNF and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Vincente et al. explored the possible association between local upper airway and systemic inflammation by assessing the levels of proinflammatory markers—IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and CRP—and activated leukocytes in both pharyngeal lavage (PHAL) and plasma samples of patients with severe OSA, snorers and healthy control subjects [39].