Stable ectopic coexpression of pepsinogen and the gastric proton pump in a BE cell line also led to upregulated expression of transcripts associated with BE, EAC, and carcinogenesis including TGFB1 and ERBB2 [35]; pathway analysis of the global transcriptomic changes identified cancer as the top associated disease, regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition by growth factors as a top associated canonical pathway and cell cycle regulation, cell growth/proliferation/death/survival, DNA replication and repair, and lipid metabolism as top associated networks [35]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.