PGF and gestational diabetes: An investigation of the connection between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pre-eclampsia, and placental biomarkers has, so far, only been done by Nuzzo et al. It was discovered that the ratio of sFlt1/PlGF in the blood serum of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia, and pre-eclampsia in the background of GDM (GDM-PE), was significantly greater when compared to healthy pregnant women and a group of pregnant women with GDM.