In prostate cancer DU145 cells, ECA activates protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), leading to the inhibition of STAT3 activity and downregulation of the STAT3-responsive gene cyclin D1 [32]. Here, STAT3 is linked to prostate carcinoma.