-Significantly increased levels of M1, CD163+ TAMs in association with VS that progressed after subtotal resection-Progressive VSs were characterized by increased PD-L1, because of a mechanism of immune evasion resulting in TAM deactivation, tumor growth and infiltration of anti-tumor immune cells-Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 could have a role in disease control after subtotal resection. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.