CX3CL1 and temporal lobe epilepsy: Long-term upregulation of fractalkine expression was reported in the hippocampus and adjacent cortex of rats after lithium-pilocarpine SE, as well as in the temporal cortex and CSF of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy [33]; however, in that case, an increase in protein concentrations was found by IHC and ELISA, and gene expression was not studied.