TGFB1 and infection: Although investigating the effect of TGF-β1 on HCMV replication and infection has been mentioned, a study indicated that HCMV-infected renal tubular epithelial cells could undergo EMT after exposure to TGF-β1, similar to uninfected renal epithelial cells but that HCMV infection by inducing active TGF-β1 may potentiate renal fibrosis, which helps to explain the clinical association between HCMV infection, TGF-β1, and adverse renal allograft outcomes [225].