Of the rare studies investigating the roles of TGF-β1 in HBV infection and replication, a study reported that TGF-β1 does not affect HBV duplication in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2.2.15 and can inhibit the expression of HBsAg and HBeA [242]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.